Reciprocity beyond Exchange: Reimagining Governance through the BARTER Principles with Select Cases from the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam

Abstract

This paper reimagines governance through the principle of reciprocity, drawing from the ancient practice of barter to address the challenges of a brittle, anxious, nonlinear, and incomprehensible (BANI) world. Whereas conventional governance relies on hierarchy and compliance, barter’s heuristics, such as direct negotiation, resource pooling, and implicit trust, highlight how cooperation can be sustained under uncertainty. Building on these insights, the study advances the BARTER framework (Bridging Actors of Responsive, Trust-based, Empowering, and Resilient governance) as a mid-range theory that links micro- level reciprocity with polycentric governance design. Comparative cases from Southeast and East Asia, specifically the participatory budgeting in the Philippines, Indonesia’s musrenbang, Vietnam’s cooperative models, Singapore’s Smart Nation Reforms, bayanihan mutual aid, and Taiwan’s digital co-creation, illustrate how reciprocity can be institutionalized into deliberation, trust-building, and adaptive mechanisms. The analysis suggests that BARTER governance complements rather than replaces formal institutions by embedding trust, enabling shared authority, and enhancing adaptability. The findings provide both conceptual clarity for scholars and practical pathways for policymakers to design resilient, trust-based governance in volatile contexts.